Management

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📘 1. Principles of Leadership

a. Leadership vs. Management

• Managers focus on planning, organising, and controlling.

• Leaders inspire, influence, and guide people.

Example:

• A manager sets project deadlines; a leader motivates the team to meet them.

b. Leadership Styles

Style	Description	Example
Autocratic	The leader makes all decisions	Military command
Democratic	Involves the team in decision-making	Tech company team brainstorming
Laissez-faire	Minimal supervision; employees self-manage	Creative industries (design, media)
Transformational	Inspires innovation and change	Elon Musk at Tesla
Transactional	Based on structured rewards/punishments	Sales manager with performance bonuses

c. Key Leadership Traits

• Integrity

• Communication skills

• Emotional intelligence

• Vision

• Decisiveness

Example:

• A CEO communicates a clear vision of the company’s future and leads by example.

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📗 2. Organizational Behavior

a. Motivation Theories

• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:

  • Physiological → Safety → Belonging → Esteem → Self-actualization

Example:

• An employee won’t care about career growth if they don’t feel safe at work.

• Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory:

  • Hygiene factors (salary, job security) prevent dissatisfaction

  • Motivators (achievement, recognition) create satisfaction

b. Group Dynamics & Teamwork

• Stages of team development (Tuckman Model):

  • Forming → Storming → Norming → Performing → Adjourning

Example:

• A project team initially struggles with roles (storming), then establishes norms and delivers high performance.

c. Organisational Culture

• Shared values, beliefs, and norms that shape behaviour.

• A strong culture aligns employees and enhances performance.

Example:

• Google’s culture of innovation encourages experimentation and open communication.

d. Conflict Management

• Types: Task conflict, relationship conflict

• Resolution styles: Avoiding, Accommodating, Competing, Compromising, Collaborating

Example:

• A manager uses collaboration to resolve a scheduling conflict between departments.

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📙 3. Strategic Management

a. Strategy Levels

• Corporate Strategy: Overall direction (e.g., expansion, diversification)

• Business Strategy: Competing in specific markets (e.g., cost leadership)

• Functional Strategy: Specific departments (e.g., marketing, HR)

Example:

• Apple’s corporate strategy includes innovation and global expansion.

b. SWOT Analysis

• Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats

Example:

• A coffee chain may have:

  • Strength: Brand reputation

  • Weakness: High prices

  • Opportunity: Expanding to Africa

  • Threat: New competitors

c. Porter’s Five Forces

Analyses competitive pressure:

1. Threat of new entrants

2. Threat of substitutes

3. Bargaining power of buyers

4. Bargaining power of suppliers

5. Industry rivalry

Example:

• Airline industry: High rivalry, high barriers to entry, strong buyer power

d. Balanced Scorecard

• Measures performance using:

  • Financial metrics

  • Customer satisfaction

  • Internal processes

  • Learning and growth

Example:

• A bank uses the balanced scorecard to track profitability, customer complaints, employee training, and process efficiency.

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🧠 Summary Table

Area	Key Concepts	Example
Leadership	Styles, traits, influence	Transformational leadership in startups
Motivation	Maslow, Herzberg	Recognition boosts employee morale
Team Behavior	Team stages, collaboration	Cross-functional team dynamics
Strategy	SWOT, Porter’s Five Forces	Tech company analyses industry threats
Culture & Conflict	Values, communication, and resolution	Using collaboration to solve team issues

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